The Nature of the Absurd How Brecht and Pirandello Express the Notion of Absurdity :: Essays Papers

The Nature of the Absurd How Brecht and Pirandello Express the Notion of AbsurdityThe word absurd can only be described by the fiction of Sisyphus, written by Albert Camus. It is a myth written about a universe whose passion for life led him to his own torture. He was a man condemned by the gods to a life of dreadful punishment. His punishment was continuously archiveing a rock to the top of a mountain. Each day the rock would roll its entire weight to the bottom, and Sisyphus would push it back to the top. Sisyphus is the absurd hero, as much through his passion for life as his torture. His whole life is pushing towards a goal that is accomplishing nothing. He lives a purpose little and powerless life. The tragic part of this story is that Sisyphus is conscious to this fact. He knows that either step he takes is one that lacks success. He knows as he is in the duration of his descent, as he thinks about the passions of his life, that he will once again face the sorrows of his hopeless labor when he faces the rock at the bottom of the hill. This is what makes the myth absurd. He can still be filled with happiness, especially on his descent, even though he is condemned to his fate. He never gives in to the circumstances and rises above. He can hold his head up and keep going, just as we do. Today we live our lives no less absurdly then Sisyphus did. We get up and work at the same tasks day after day. I have been going to school almost every day for the last 15 years. I have been following the structure that I am expected to follow, and accomplish little within each day. Sisyphus teaches us that we always have the ability to rise above our lot by laughing at our condition. Two pieces of literature that portray the notion of absurdity argon Mother Courage by Bertolt Brecht and Six Characters in Search of an Author by Luigi Pirandello, because they both teach us lessons about our ability as homo to overcome our circumstances. Brecht wrote Mo ther Courage on the eve of World War II, and has a very pessimistic view of the world.

Censorship and Selection Essay -- self-censorship

IntroductionCensorship is a dirty word to information professionals. Attempts by individuals or groups to restrict the public from reading, hearing or viewing certain materials due to their content, is enough to send librarians and organizations such as the American subroutine library Association, to the proverbial battle field. However, information professionals from all fields have to make choices about what to include and what not to include in their particular librarys collection. How are these selections made? What causes unmatched period to be selected instead of another? The distinction between censorship and selection is infinitesimal, dependent mainly upon the role of the individuals involved. As an information professional, who inherently is charged with the responsibility to protect the rights of the public to have free access to materials, much care must be pull backn in the selection of materials. By evaluating the collections, by carefully examining what deeply held beliefs we have, and by carefully adhering to selection policies, information professionals can guard against allowing personal bias influencing selection decisions. What Is Censorship?Censorship can take many forms, but it inherently leads to an individual or group attempting to restrict access to materials. Jenkinson (2002) defines a censor as someone who begins with a list of negatives or no-nos and then seeks to identify whether any of these taboo words, subjects, themes or attitudes are present in an item (p. 22). Irregardless of the context, a censor then seeks to either have the item removed, or not acquired at all. (Jenkinson, 2002, p. 22). Censorship can take place in a visible manner, such as a parent or group challenging a book. However, a far more... ...Hill, R. (2010). The problem of self-censorship. School Library Journal. (27)2. p. 9-12.Kidd, K. (2009). Not Censorship but Selection Censorship and/as prizing. Childrens literary works in Education, 40(3), 197-216. doi10.1007/s10583-008-9078-4 Mazer, Norma Fox. (1997). Shhhh The ALAN Review. (24)2, 46-48. Retrieved from http//scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/winter97/w97-10-Censorship.html McMenemy, D. (2008). Selection and censorship librarians and their collections.Library Review,57(5),341-344. doi1497848431Staples, S. (1996). What Johnny Cant Read. The ALAN Review. (23)2, n.p. Retrieved from http//scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/winter96/pubCONN.htmlVan Kampen, Doris J., and Rose Spino. 2007. Issues in the retention and selection of materials Censorship and self-selection. Catholic Library World 77(3), 222-225.

Book Review of 25 to Life by Lesley Snyder :: 25 to Life Lesley Crocker Snyder Essays

Book Review of 25 to biography by Lesley SnyderLeslie Crocker Snyder is a New York Supreme Court Justice. As a child, she already had her sights set on a career in law. She entered college at 16 with her eyes on the prize. She eventually became a part of the arrangement over 30 years ago. This career path has taken her to many interesting destinations. She looks back down the level-headed road in 25 to Life The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing But the Truth.Snyder discusses the barriers she faced in the late 1960s as a woman in a male-dominated profession. When she expressed her desire to try homicide cases, she was told to form a letter of permission from her husband. Not one to let anything stand in her way, the source eventually got the job (without the letter) and moved her way up the legal ladder, eventually forming the Manhattan District Attorneys Sex Crimes Division.Most of 25 to Life is devoted to stories from the trenches. Snyder recollects her most memorable cases. She plays no favorites, candidly discussion the good, the bad and the ugly of lawyers and their clients.The author has a reputation for spoilt sentences, thus earning nicknames like Ice Princess and 25 to Life among defendants. Several criminals who passed through her courtroom have threatened her life. Her family has had round-the-clock fortress on several occasions. One chapter in this book is devoted to the judges experience and perspective as a victim in regards to these threats.Though Snyder is clearly tough as nails, she doesnt appear to have the ego that is evident in some legal/law enforcement memoirs. Shes very honest and forthcoming about her opinions, yet respectably grounded when talking about her calling.

A room of ones own Essay -- Literary Analysis, Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolfs ambitious work A Room of Ones Own tackles many significant issues concerning the muniment and culture of womens writing, and attempts to document the conditions which women have had to endure in order to write, juxtaposing these with her vision of ideal conditions for the creation of literature. Woolfs extended essay has endured and proved itself to be a viable, pioneering libber piece of work, but the broad range of ideas and arguments Woolf explores leaves her piece open to criticism over certain concepts which seem to contradict themselves. This observation can be explained virtually satisfactorily by critic Ellen Bayuk Rosenman, who posits, the essay does not strive for the strict coherence of a jigsaw puzzle, composed of perfectly interlocking pieces in which no gaps exist and there is nothing left over...Woolfs essay has proved so durable because it often contradicts itself(13). Woolf puts forth the notion in the end of her essay that the androgynous mind is to be the apotheosis of all the perspectives of writing yet this belief she conveys contradicts not only previous evidence she has expressed but also diminishes the shelter of the female as a significant contributor to the world of literature, and discredits womans ability to write as she is attempting to praise and inspire us.Virginia Woolf uses A Room of Ones Own as a platform to discuss past and current social inequities that exist within the realm of women and literature, attempting to document the negative effects that patriarchal society of the archean twentieth century England has wrought upon the female psyche. From her analysis of these issues and her own life buzz offs, Woolf comes to the conclusion which becomes the basis for this essay... ...(13), exposes brilliantly the ambiguity present throughout Woolfs essay. And Woolf herself provides the most liquid contradiction of the piece when she urges, it is much more important to be oneself than anything else. Do not dr eam of influencing other people, I would say, if I knew how to make it sound exalted. believe of things in themselves(2211). To think of things in themselves in the most literal sense would be to allow every perception, every attitude, every emotion equal stature in ones mind and in the writing process. Perhaps it is not disregarding ones own sex that will make for the highest form of literature, but instead allowing the combination of experience and emotion, spirituality and materialism, belief and conjecture, to coalesce into a beautiful mass of ideas that will truly be a reflection of the author in her most complete(a) consciousness.

Prison Gangs: Gangs and Security Threat Group Awareness Essay -- secur

One of the major problems of corrections today is the security threat group - more commonly known as the prison gang. A security threat group (STG) can be defined as any group of offenders who pose a treat to the security and physical sentry duty of the institution. Through expose the 1960s and 1970s, prison gangs focused primarily on uniting inmates for self protection and the monopolization of illegal prison activities for monetary gain (F.B.P., 1994, p. 2). STGs are in the of import divided along racial lines and practiced defiance towards authority. STGs use a variety of hand signs, alphabet codes, tattoos, and different types of gang terminology. Gangs characteristically have rivals and progress an alliance with other gangs. The criminal activity of S.T.G.s does not only exist inside the confines of the prison walls, but has flowed to the outside world. Prostitution, extortion, drug selling, gambling, contribute sharking such activities are invariably operated by pr ison gangs (Gaines, Kaune, Miller, 2000, p.652). The Texas Prison System consists of eleven classified security threat groups Texas chooses to classify a gang as a STG when they become involved in violent activity. Prison gangs exist in the institutions of forty states and also in the federal system (Clear and Cole, 2000, p. 260). Three main stages that the offender will experience with the S.T.G. are recruitment, the gang experience, and affiliation upon release. Recruiting efforts begin with the intake of the offender into the prison system. The best recruitment takes place in exaltation facilities where offenders are held before they are classified as to what security level prison they will be sent to. There are steps that must be followed when becoming a prospectiv... ...y not only endanger themselves, but also family and friends. As it is stated in many of the by-laws, blood in, blood out-membership is for life.BibliographyBohm, R.M., & Haley, K.N.(1999). Introduction to Criminal Justice (2nd edition). New York Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.Clear, T.R., & Cole, G.F.(2000). American Corrections (5th edition). Belmont, CA Wadsworth.Federal Bureau of Prisons.(1994) Security Threat Groups Symbols and Terminology (Fall 1994 edition). Sacramento U.S. Government belief Office.Gaines, L.K., & Kaune, M., & Miller, R.L.(2000) Criminal Justice in Action. Belmont, CA Wadsworth.Ralph, P.H.(1997). From Self Preservation to Organized Crime The Evolution of Inmate Gangs. In J.W. Marquart, & J.R. Sorensen (Eds.). Correctional Contexts Contemporary and Classical Readings (pp. 182-186). Los Angeles Roxbury

Prison Gangs: Gangs and Security Threat Group Awareness Essay -- secur

One of the major problems of corrections today is the certification threat group - more commonly known as the prison gang. A security threat group (STG) can be defined as any group of offenders who pose a treat to the security and physical safety of the institution. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, prison gangs focused primarily on uniting inmates for self protection and the monopolization of illegal prison activities for monetary lucre (F.B.P., 1994, p. 2). STGs be mostly divided along racial lines and practiced defiance towards authority. STGs use a variety of hand signs, alphabet codes, tattoos, and different types of gang terminology. Gangs characteristically have rivals and make an alliance with other gangs. The criminal activity of S.T.G.s does not only exist inside the confines of the prison walls, but has flowed to the extraneous world. Prostitution, extortion, drug selling, gambling, loan sharking such activities are invariably operated by prison gangs (Gaines, Ka une, Miller, 2000, p.652). The Texas Prison System consists of eleven classified security threat groups Texas chooses to classify a gang as a STG when they become involved in violent activity. Prison gangs exist in the institutions of forty states and also in the federal arranging (Clear and Cole, 2000, p. 260). Three main stages that the offender will experience with the S.T.G. are recruitment, the gang experience, and affiliation upon release. Recruiting efforts begin with the intake of the offender into the prison system. The best recruitment takes move in transfer facilities where offenders are held before they are classified as to what security level prison they will be sent to. There are steps that must be followed when becoming a prospectiv... ...y not only endanger themselves, but also family and friends. As it is stated in many of the by-laws, bank line in, blood out-membership is for life.BibliographyBohm, R.M., & Haley, K.N.(1999). Introduction to Criminal Justic e (2nd edition). New York Glencoe/McGraw-Hill.Clear, T.R., & Cole, G.F.(2000). American Corrections (5th edition). Belmont, CA Wadsworth.Federal Bureau of Prisons.(1994) Security Threat Groups Symbols and Terminology (Fall 1994 edition). capital of California U.S. Government Printing Office.Gaines, L.K., & Kaune, M., & Miller, R.L.(2000) Criminal Justice in Action. Belmont, CA Wadsworth.Ralph, P.H.(1997). From Self Preservation to Organized Crime The Evolution of Inmate Gangs. In J.W. Marquart, & J.R. Sorensen (Eds.). Correctional Contexts coeval and Classical Readings (pp. 182-186). Los Angeles Roxbury

Natural Variations In Climate And Human Health Environmental Sciences Essay

The El Nino/Southern Oscillation is a natural fluctuation in the Earth s climate. The fluctuations associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation may be used as a theoretical account for future clime adaption and its attendant wellness cause.It is no premise that anthropogenetic clime alteration is happening and the environmental wellness effects associated with it atomic number 18 traveling to be one of the greatest challenges of our clip. As our sympathy of anthropogenetic clime alteration increases it is every bit of import to hold a basic apprehension of natural fluctuations in the Earth s clime. Furthermore, a better cognition of those countries that experience extremes associated with the El Nino/Southern Oscillation ( ENSO ) may enlighten some of the future impacts of rambling clime alteration. The focal point of this lit reappraisal is an scrutiny of the natural fluctuations associated with the ENSO and its impacts on human wellness globally.I reviewed major finding s from publications, thesiss, and internet media sing clime alteration, ENSO, and public wellness. My aim was to reexamine articles that clarify the planetary effects of natural fluctuations in clime, particularizedally ENSO and wellness by integrating the undermentioned inquiriesWhat is the El Nino/Southern Oscillation?What be the wellness effects of three chosen illustrations of environmental alterations ( catastrophes ) associated with ENSO.I have designed my research and reappraisal to follow an Earth scientific discipline position on planetary alteration, adapted from a publication by the Johns Hopkins university imperativeness ( Aaron and Patz 2001 ) .WHAT IS THE EL NINO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION?Get downing with the empirical literary works on Earth scientific discipline and public wellness, I foremost reviewed the work of Aaron and Patz ( 2001 ) . The work is a digest of research related to the subject of ecosystem alteration and human wellness. The chapter by fisherman ( 200 1, 233-250 ) was peculiarly enlightening and descriptive. It provided a good starting point in understanding what ENSO is. This chapter provided a reasonably comprehensive yet apprehensible account on the forces behind ENSO, peculiarly the Earth s energy rhythm. Although this publication is clear, it did nt further a solid reading of the ENSO anomalousness. I attributed this ambiguity to the fact that the range of this prevail is much broader than the focal point on natural clime variableness.In seeking to associate proposed and observed wellness effects to the ENSO it is critical to hold a reasonably comprehensive apprehension of what it is. For this intent, I reviewed publications by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) , the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) , and the United Nations fodder and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ) . The publication by NOAA was presented in an apprehensible yet simplistic format. A part of their web site a p age is dedicate to the ENSO, but it does non provided a clear account of what it is. Further research into the NOAA web site led me to the National Weather Service ( NWS ) Climate Prediction midpoint , where they have a measure by measure tutorial of ENSO and clime variableness. I performed a soft comparing of all ENSO specific literary productions from the IPCC, NOAA, NWS, and FAO. The quartet studies had the same basic information, while the IPCC was by far the most comprehensive. The literature reappraisal for this part must be limited to merely a qualitative analysis because the forces behind ENSO are immensely interrelated and complex. A full synthesis of this information is good beyond the range of the paper. The most of import vista of my comparing is specifically related to assorted definitions of ENSO.EL NINO DEFINEDI decided to add this subdivision collect to the ambiguity I encountered sing the scientific discipline behind ENSO. As my research progressed it became clear that this ambiguity was non due to a deficiency of information, but due to a general consensus that the factors doing ENSO are extremely legion and interconnected. In offspring, a quantitative definition of ENSO gage non be exactly developed. Furthermore, what constitutes a quantitative ENSO in one portion of the universe is contrastive in other move, hence any quantitative definition of ENSO would hold to be location specific ( Ternberth 1997 ) . In my comparing of the above literature, the definitions of ENSO were all qualitative and similar. For this ground I sought specific literature sing the definition of ENSO. The most formal definition that encompasses the battalion of utilizations is as followsEl Nino el ne nyo noun Spanish 1The Christ Child 2 the name given by Peruvian crewmans to a seasonal, warm southward-moving current on the Peruvian seashore & lt la corriente del Nino & gt 3 name given to the occasional return of remarkably warm H2O in the usually frigorific H2O upwelling part along the Peruvian seashore, interrupting local fish and bird creations 4 name given to a peaceful basin-wide admission in both sea surface temperatures in the cardinal and/or eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean and in sea degree atmospheric force per unit area in the western sandwich Pacific ( Southern Oscillation ) 5 used interchangeably with ENSO ( El Nino-Southern Oscillation ) which describes the basin broad alterations in air-sea interaction in the equatorial Pacific part 6 ENSO warm event equivalent word warm event opposite word La Nina Spanish the immature miss cold event ENSO cold event non-El Nino twelvemonth anti-El Nino or anti-ENSO ( dyslogistic ) El Viejo el vya- Ho noun Spanish the old adult male.( Glantz 1996 )EL NINO RELATED DIASTERS AND HEALTH EFFECTSHarmonizing to Kovats ( 1996 ) , The consequence of El Nino on catastrophes is smashed plenty to be evident at a planetary degree. In an mean El Nino twelvemonth, around 35 per megabyte people are affected by a natural disaster-more than four times that in non-El Nino old ages, establish on 1963-93 informations ( 1483 ) . The wellness impacts of natural catastrophes are both immediate and long lasting ( Haines, et Al. 2006 ) . In order to derive a better apprehension of the specific wellness impacts of ENSO catastrophes I reviewed literature based on the two major conditions events associated with ENSO, heavy pelting and drouth. I farther separated these events into three degrees of badness 1 ) Drought 2 ) increased rainfall 3 ) Deluging. In add-on, I want to synthesise this information to give an overview of the planetary effects of ENSO from developing to developed states.DroughtENSO as defined above is an addition in sea surface temperature in normally cool H2O in the eastern Pacific Ocean. During a terrible ENSO the warm H2O that body suspended in the western Pacific travels east, therefore diminishing rainfall in the West Pacific and incre asing it in the eastern Pacific. This alteration alters the rainfall patterns across the Earth. Harmonizing to Haines et Al. ( 2006 ) , the figure of people worldwide affected by drouth is influenced strongly by the ENSO rhythm. Droughts have a broad consequence on wellness runing from livelihood to forest fires doing air pollution, peculiarly in low-income states. Haines et al. raise of import inquiries on the construct of exposure and unexpected wellness results.Vulnerability has been discussed in literature as a cardinal construct for understanding how populations adapt to climate alteration and variableness ( Mertz, et al 2009 Moran, et Al. 2006 Patz and Kovats 2002 Solomon, et Al. 2007 ) . It is widely accepted that the most vulnerable populations to climate alteration and fluctuation occupy the low income developing states. This has a great trade to make with the fact that many dwellers of developing states rely to a great fulfilment on subsistence agribusiness.Furthermor e, with drouth one would anticipate malnutrition but there can be many other unanticipated wellness effects. As a specific illustration I refer to Moran et Al. ( 2006 ) and the survey of ENSO related drouth in Amazonia. This paper provides a good description of the exposures of developing states to drought and its unexpected wellness results. Moran et Al. make this relationship by associating increased forest fires due to ENSO and swidden agribusiness with inauspicious respiratory wellness effects caused by fume and particulate affair.The most ENSO drought prone countries include Sub-saharan and southeasterly Africa, northern Australia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, western Pacific Island Nations, and north-east brazil. Most of these countries lay within developing states of the southern hemisphere, which are besides the most vulnerable to these conditions extremes.Increased RainAlthough the most vulnerable groups to climate alteration and fluctuation are the developing states, thi s does nt intend that effects are limited to these geographic countries. ENSO has really of import wellness effects around the Earth. Literature sing increased rainfall and increased incidence of hanta virus pneumonic syndrome ( HPS ) in the sou-west United States serves as an illustration of ENSO wellness effects in developed states. Harmonizing to the Centers for Disease Control ( 2004 ) , during an ENSO event increased rainfall across the southern parts of the United States every bit good as parts of Central/South America creates an improved gnawer home ground, the major vector of HPS. The literature by the CDC is web-based and although it has been updated in is in direct relation to the 1998-99 ENSO event. In a thesis by Conley ( 2006 ) , an in-depth survey of HPS in the sou-west United States is conducted.Conely ( 2006 ) describes the increased incidence of HPS in the southwest U.S. with endorsing from the trophic cascade hypothesis. The southwesterly cervid mouse is the primar y vector for HPS in worlds. During an ENSO event the sum of flora is increased due to increased rainfall. In consequence, the population denseness of cervid mice is increased and so is HPS. As the ENSO warm event passages into a cold event ( La Nina ) , rainfall lessenings in the southwest U.S. and these rodent populations begin looking for nutriment in human homes. The increased contact between septic gnawers and worlds increases the incidence of HPS.Other literature ( Kovats 1999 Patz and Kovats 2002 Haines 2006 Parmesan and Martens, 2009 ) describes farther instances of ENSO and increased infective disease incidence as a consequence of increased rainfall. Further surveies have found positive correlativities between ENSO and malaria, time out vale disease, cholera, and others.DelugingImplosion therapy is the most common natural catastrophe in both development and developed states ( Ahern, et al 2005 ) . For this part of the paper I reviewed epidemiologic causal agent of inund ation related wellness impacts and ENSO events. On a planetary graduated table, ENSO is non associated with hazard of flood-related catastrophes because inundations are really localised ( Kovats 1999 ) . However, the increased rainfall associated with ENSO has specific effects on the water partings of many statesthroughout the universe. Harmonizing to Patz and Kovats ( 2002 ) ENSO frequently increases the hazard of implosion therapy of rivers. Besides Immediate effects are mostly decease from submerging and hurts caused by world swept against difficult objects. Medium term effects include additions in catching diseases caused by consumption of contaminated H2O ( for illustration, cholera or hepatitis A ) and contact with inundation Waterss ( for illustration, swamp fever ) . ( pg. 1096 )In inundation conditions, there is a greater possible for increased transmittal of disease, particularly in countries where the population does non hold entree to clean H2O and sanitation ( Ahern, et Al. 2005 ) .Direct illustrations of increased disease transmittal as a consequence of ENSO related implosion therapy is seen in Brazil where hazard factors for swamp fever included implosion therapy of unfastened cloacas and streets. Furthermore, the 1982 El Nino event caused extended implosion therapy in several states in Latin America and fostered crisp additions in malaria ( Ahern, et al 2005 ) .DecisionThis reappraisal provided a brief expression at the ENSO anomalousness and its effects on human wellness. ENSO increases the hazard of drouths and inundations across the Earth. In add-on, there is strong epidemiologic grounds that supports an association of these events and the transmittal of certain diseases. These associations and the affects span the Earth, but the most vulnerable populations are those in the underdeveloped states. The literature reviewed nem con concur that ( in the short term ) there is a drastic demand to supply information and tools that let these popul ations to fix for such conditions anomalousnesss. Particularly in countries where ENSO can faithfully be associated with regional or local clime fluctuations such as drouths and inundations ( Kovats, et Al. 1999 Moran, et Al. 2006 Haines, et Al. 2006 ) .Furthermore, long term guesss in the literature agree as clime continues to increase there is a high likeliness that ENSO conditions anomalousnesss will beef up in badness, continuance, and frequence ( Ashok and Yamagata 2009 ) . An accurate apprehension of this will supply a greater ability for all to restrict exposure to climatic fluctuations and make new schemes for wellness contrivers to cut down disease hazard.

Biological Macromolecules

The vast complexity of a single organism, including humans, is attri notwithstandinged to the intricacies found within their bio molecular circumscribe. These contents are the very small, specific pieces that make up everything from the walls of our cells, the shape of the proteins that form functional structures of the cells, or even the basic units that contain the energy required to sack life.The knowledge of these biomolecules can be used to analyze food contents to allow scientists to manipulate or identify the healthiest foods, to discover new molecules that can be compounded in life saving medications, or to identify disorders in our own molecules that can be corrected. These are among some of the uses knowledge of these bio molecules could provide us. In this taste, we are going to analyze the content of two different types of substances, a banana and some curry, to identify whether or not they contain starches, sugars, or proteins.This experiment is a very basic test of b iomolecular content where identifying agents are mixed with the substances to determine their content. Our hypothesis is that the banana willing contain both sugars and starches, but will not contain protein. This hypothesis is supported by the fruits sweet taste and starch-like structure, possibly similar to a potato, which, base on earlier knowledge, is known to be a starchy-food. Our hypothesis for curry is less precise. The curry was an original recipe and the ingredients were unknown.Based, however, on the taste and texture alone, in comparison with other known starchy foods, we would hypothesize that it does contain starch. Protein and sugar content, however, are unknown. Specifically, we predict that when added to a banana mixture, the starch and sugar identifiers will react, and when added to a curry mixture, starch identifier will react, but the two other identifiers will be unknown. Specifics of this prediction will be discussed in the next section.Methods To perform t his study, we first mixed controls based on known substances in order to provide a baseline comparison against our experimental data. We had common chord identifier solutions known to react in some path to a corresponding biomolecule, and they were pippetted following strict guidelines (see below under Pipetting Methods. ) These identifiers were biuret, iodine, and DNSA. We tested these identifiers with solutions known to exclusively contain protein, sugar, and starch, as well as mixing them with unclouded water to identify what no reaction would look like.The test of controls and indicators shows that biuret identifies protein, iodine identifies starches, and DNSA identifies sugar. There are some complications, however, in that DNSA also reacted (however not as strong) with proteins. This centre that in substances that biuret indicates protein content, DNSA will show a reaction, regardless of whether or not there is sugar in the solution. The sugar reaction is much greater than protein, but this could still possibly give inconclusive results in anything that contains proteins.Proteins also interact with iodine however at a much different, distinguishable way so as to be less likely to influence our qualitative results. Once our controls were created and the reactions between the biomolecules and their indicators were better understood, the next part of our method involved preparing our experimental. To do this we created three supplys of each experimental substance. We diluted banana mush with water and placed it in three tubes, and diluted the curry and did the same. We then placed in the tube the appropriate amount of indicator solution, observed the results, and compared them with our controls.

Primary Education System in Bangladesh Essay

Introduction As a newly independent (1971) country Bangladesh is struggling with huge commonwealth, depleted per capita income, mass p e actuallyplacety, unemployment and underemployment, illiteracy, child labor, malnutrition, corruption, and related social problems. The economy of the country is ridiculous and based on the rural agricultural sector, but natural disasters mainly floods, affects the economy annually which delays economic progress. Rural-urban disparity in terms of per capita income, consumption, rearing, health facilities, and carnal infrastructure is an authoritative exploitational issue in Bangladesh.The Government of Bangladesh and a significant number of non- authorities organizations (NGOs) are working to give away better the socioeconomic conditions through a variety of programs. fosterage is whiz of the key elements of serviceman as fit out. It is in like manner one of the principal sources of increase economic growth, development and raise w elfare of an individual and a household in the process of economic transformation. Increased labour productivity, effective use of land and other physiological assets, and amend socio-economic empowerment are three of import r show upes through which cultivation can contribute to economic development.On the other hand, fostering can also change magnitude the burden of poverty ? one estimate for Bangladesh reveals that households without any formal schooling read about six time higher poverty incidence than those who nurture access to fostering. Because of all this, disciplineal attainment is considered to be the some important indicator of development. Right to pedagogics is a fundamental human right. However, the importance of direct precept cannot be overstated because it creates the literacy base of a nation (Rahman et al, 2003).Therefore in most developed countries capital teaching method is considered to be more(prenominal) important than higher education. In all the least developed countries including Bangladesh, it is also considered to be an important element of social progress and economic development. Primary education has been make universal and compulsory, and thither is a large-scale national campaign for enrolling all naturalize-aged children at elementary educational institutions. THE PRESENT SCENARIO OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN BANGLADESH commonplace EDUCATION Formal education in Bangladesh is renderd in four stages pre- prime or early childhood education primary (grade I-V), secondary education (grade VI twelve of which first three grades are considered junior or lower secondary, grade IX-X as secondary, and grade XI-XII as higher secondary) and tertiary education which includes two-year bachs courses, along with three and four-year bachelors honors courses and one-year masters degree courses.A parallel system of formal religious education exists for Muslim students, and this is haven as Madrassa education. For Madrassa e ducation, Ebtedayee, Dakhil, Alim, Fazil and Kamil are the equivalent to primary, secondary, higher secondary, bachelors and masters respectively. PRIMARY EDUCATION After independence, under an passage of the Parliament all primary schools in Bangladesh were nationalized in 1973 with a view to improving caliber of education (Jalaluddin and Chowdhury, 1996). In 1990 the Compulsory Primary knowledge subroutine was passed.Primary education in Bangladesh is characterized by i) Substantial progress made in increasing enrollment during the 80s and early 90s, ii) Large number of children from very ugly circumstances and from illiterate families who are now attending school, and iii) Diverse types of schools serving children who adopt diverse postulate including working children (The World Bank, 2000). Primary education level is from old age 1 to 5,(starting at age 6) and the primary broadcast is competency-based and was developed by the National Curriculum and Textbook Board (NCTB ).The Directorate of Primary Education (DPE) implements the curriculum and manages the primary education system. There is no nationwide query at the end of the fifth year. However, government education boards conduct a scholarship examination at the end of year 5. There are 11 types of primary schools government, non-government registered, non-government unregistered, schools given to high schools, PTIs experimental schools, Ebtedayee Madrassas (independent), Ebtedayee attached to high madrassas, kindergarten, satellite schools, corpo circumscribe schools, and non-formal schools run by NGOs.Presently about two-thirds of students are enrol conduct in government schools. Over 65% of primary schools are government schools the rest being registered non-governmental schools back up by the government. There also are some common soldier schools much fewer, in number that cater to the social elite. Many secondary schools also moderate primary school sections. The following TABLE sh ows the percentage of children attending different types of primary schools in Bangladesh. Percentage of children attending different types of primary schoolsType of primary school % of total enrollment Government 59-66 Registered non-government 18-21 Non-registered non-government 2 participation schools very small percentage Satellite schools very small percentage Primary attached to high schools very small percentage NGOs non-formal primary schools 8 Ebtedayee madrassas 2 Source Jalaluddin and Chowdhury (1996) ? Government Primary Education For the formal system, primary education is five years in length, starting at age 6.In government schools, teacher-student ratio varies greatly among schools, with the come of 166. In some cases, teachers may become as many as 100 students in a classroom. In government primary schools, the curriculum is based on 53 goal competencies to be achieved by the end of primary cycle. Five subject areas are covered, i. e. , Bangla, Mathema tics, Science and Environment, sociable Studies, and English. Statistics show that in 1996 percentage of female teachers in government schools was 28%, which has gradually change magnitude from 20. 6% in 1990.The government has plans to raise the ratio of female teachers in government schools (Chowdhury, 1999). On average, government school teachers have about 12 years of schooling. Training is provided by the government. The government has large training facilities. ? Non-Formal Education Non-formal education is an innovation aimed to reach the poorest children who did not have a chance to attend formal school, and has many characteristics that differ from formal education in order to suit the ask of the rural poor. In Bangladesh, NGOs play an important aim in the provision of non-formal education.The largest NGO working in the field of education in Bangladesh is the Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (BRAC). When BRAC started non-formal primary education in 1985, the main accusive was to provide basal education to the children who did not have an opportunity to attend formal schools. BRAC developed a model of primary education computer program that has today become highly successful. Out of 1. 4 million children currently receiving non-formal education, 1. 2 million are in BRAC schools. Over 90% of BRAC school teachers are women. BRAC school teachers on average have 10 years of schooling.The teachers are hired on a temporary, part-time basis. As one education specialist at the World Bank Dhaka office comments, Teachers in non-formal schools really teach, and children like to go to school because it is fun. ? Madrassa Education Madrassas are the social sites for the imitation of Islamic orthodoxy. In most of the madrassas there are no formal admission procedures, and academic schedules are often flexible. This education is divorced into five unequivocal levelsibtedai (elementary), dakhil (secondary), alim (higher secondary), fazil (B.A. ), and kamil (M. A. ).These madrassas teach all the required modern subjects much(prenominal) as English, Bangla, science, social studies, math, geography, history, etc. These Alia madrassas are registered with, and supervised by, the government-appointed Bangladesh Madrassa Education Board, which also prescribes the curriculum and syllabi and conducts examinations. In upstart years Madrassa education has gone through some modernization and to make the system more closely equivalent to the Bangladesh general education system.Nearly 3 million students are currently enrolled in Madrassa education. At any rate, the important thing to note here is a) the significant contribution of ibtedai madrassas in providing elementary education in areas where no government primary schools are available and b) that these ibtedai madrassas are now acting as feeder institutions for twain the Alia and Quomi madrassas. The social significance of the madrassa education lies not only in the fact that it impar ts religious education to a large number of students, but that it also ensures access to employment.It has been observed that while there has been goodly unemployment among the youth educated at secular schools and colleges, the graduates of madrassas have rarely faced such problems and usually find jobs commensurate with their training. ? lodge School Community Schools provide effective linkages betwixt the structures of formal and non-formal education and make both mutually reinforcing. While the community schools provide formal education to its students, its physical and human resources, are being utilized with appropriate supplement to provide a range of programmes of non-formal education and training for adult.It also provides job opportunities to secondary school drop-outs and their parents. Community Learning Centre (CLC) is used to create a acquire situation for the whole community in which the children are the main beneficiary. The idea is to make parents union educati on of their children as a part of total community activity. The most important component of the CLC is to educate the parents various aspects of life and environment including functional literacy and numeracy care in view the requirementof childhood education. STEPS TAKEN ?Bangladesh has achieved gender equity in primary enrollment. The increase in girls enrollment rate in recent years is believed to have been brought about by a number of positive discriminatory actions taken by the state and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in favor of girls and poor children in rural areas. ? Following education for all (EFA), the government of Bangladesh made primary education compulsory for all children surrounded by the ages of six and 10.This had a major impact on the system, and the gross enrollment rate change magnitude since from 75% to 95% by 1996 (Sedere, 1996). Bangladesh has 18 million children in 62,000 primary schools one of the largest primary systems in the world. ? The go vernment of Bangladesh distributes free books and education kits to students in all primary schools. ? Government recompense programme ? Non-formal education is targeted for a variety of reasons. The broad objective of non-formal education is to provide basic education sometimes equivalent to primary education.But depending on age group, gender dimension and a variety of socioeconomic factors, elements like life skill training or functional literacy, awareness building, credit program and so on, are incorporated or empha sized. ? Female stipend programme, where the state provides stipends to girls in secondary school (grades 6 to 10) and does not require them to pay any tuition. () Food for Education programme, where the state provides a food ration to children from rural poorer families for attending school. ? Non-formal primary education provided by NGOs, which aim at the poorest children who do not have an opportunity to attend formal schools.Non-formal schools target girls, wh o make up about two-thirds of students attending non-formal schools. ACHIEVEMENTS Bangladesh is the only country in South Asia to have achieved gender equity in primary enrollment. As reported by UNICEF and the World Bank, over the period 1980-1995, net enrollment rate1 at primary level has increased from 62% to 79%, while girls enrollment rate in the same period has increased much faster from 47% to 73%. The significant increase in primary enrollment rate of girls in Bangladesh in recent years marked an achievement of the countrys education system.Efforts by the government, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector have all contributed to this achievement. One of the main factors that is believed to have brought about the increase in girls primary enrollment rate is the involvement of NGOs non-formal schools, which aims to provide basic education to poor children who are non-enrolled or have dropped out of school. The most prominent school characteristic that encourage s girls enrollment is the percentage of female teachers in non-formal schools. LIMITATIONS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF BANGLADESH ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.Although in the recent past Bangladesh has achieved considerable progress in terms of primary education enrolment, further analysis signifys that the education system in Bangladesh fails to meet the needs of the Bangladesh economic development needs in general. Because, the current location of education system of Bangladesh is not wellspring planned. Most Notable Issues ? A shortage of fund and staffs ? A lose of physical infrastructure and facilities Inadequate infrastructure and facilities often result in overcrowded classrooms that adversely affect scholastic achievements ?High teacher-students ratios (up to 170),? Poor quality teaching The instructors lack training experience, initiative and motivation to fulfill their responsibilities ? Lack of diversity in training ? Inadequate monitoring and assessment of student learning. ? Poli tical instability, ? Lack of coordination between government and non-government organization. These limitations result in poor performance in terms of improving students life situation. Due to the gaps between and within education systems, the current status of education in the country is quantitatively inadequate, and qualitatively incompetent to address the education needs of the nation population.Due to internal inefficiency and lack of responsiveness of the societal requirements, the education system has failed to benefit individuals who need to make a good living and to broaden their personalities with information and essential human qualities. RECOMMENDATIONS Human resource development through education and training is particularly important for a country like Bangladesh where the natural resource base is very poor, the land-person ratio is extremely adverse, and the population is likely to continue to grow putting pressure on the economy well into the middle of the 21st centu ry.Inadequacy is reflected in availability of facilities and access to these facilities which suggest that rapid and extensive development of education is needed for socioeconomic development, globalization and integration with world market. 1. The vast human population of Bangladesh is the only potential resource, and this needs to be utilized to its full. 2. The rural populations are not idle, nor are they incapable. Light of education should be reached to them to enhance their contribution to the national economy and to increase their hold capacity.3. In addition to the formal education network, the non-formal and informal education networks need expansion to cover the greater rural population, and to educate them for a changed national and foreign scenario. 4. Supplementary and complementary supporting policies, along with appropriate education policies, also are necessary to ensure proper utilization of human resources. 5. Bangladesh needs to provide service training programs to the teachers at different levels, and for different subjects. 6.To progress well in the face of increasing global competition, it is essential to provide modern up to date technological knowledge to students 7. It is notable that not all students have the academic ability or interest to gain technological knowledge they should be involved in vocational education and training. 8. Government should increase their contribution to make proper plans to use the huge population to achieve economic growth. 9. Non-government, private and the educated and established citizens of the country should try to help the government to achieve the goal. LITERATURE REVIEWMany arguments support policies of investments in schooling, not the least of which is that basic equity demands it. But perhaps the easiest case is made in terms of the simple economic benefits. The greater impacts of investments in female education are First, such investments lead to increased labor force participation and a subs equent expansion of the economy. Second, a variety of positive health outcomes for women and their families are known to lean from increased education. Third, education generally leads to lower fertility rates. Fourth, as primary caregivers, women have a key role in the intergenerational transmission of knowledge.As in good order as these additional benefits may be, the case for increased investments in girls education is nonetheless easy to make on the simple benefits to the economy. The genius of early re anticipateers, led by Jacob Mincer (1970, 1974), was to recognize that different amounts of schooling signified different amounts of human capital and thus could be a clear measure of the tweet idea of human capital. From a research perspective, various census and survey databases routinely provide school attainment information that can be connect to incomes and other individual outcomes.From a policy perspective, school attainment is also a concrete notionleading virtually a ll countries of the world to return attention to rates of school completion and the promotion of access to further schooling. The worldwide quest to improve schooling is highlighted in the developing world by the establishment of the Education for All (EFA) movement (headed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, UNESCO) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) of the United Nations. The EFA initiative grew out of the World Summit on Education in 1990 and was given more specificity in the Dakar Summit in 2000.The key elements of the EFA initiative (all to be accomplished by 2015) are dramatise early childhood care and education provide free and compulsory primary education for all promote learning and life skills for young concourse and adults increase adult literacy by 50 percent achieve gender parity by 2005 and gender equality by 2015 and improve the quality of education. The modernistic analyses by Mincer (1970, 1974) considered how investing in different amounts of schooling affects individual earnings, and over the last 30 years, literally hundreds of such studies have been conducted around the world.These studies have been reviewed in many interpretative articles, including Psacharopoulos (1994) Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (2004) and Heckman, Lochner, and Todd (2006). By all accounts, the rate of return to additional years of schooling is large. In estimates of Mincer earnings functions for 98 countries, Psacharopoulos and Patrinos (2004) implant that average returns for the world are above 17 percent, and they are systematically higher in developing countries (see table 2. 1). 4 These findings have been reinforced in analyses of the relationship between schooling and economic growth.The standard method to estimate the effect of education on economic growth is to estimate crosscountry growth regressions where countries average annual growth in gross domestic product (GDP) per capita over several decades is expressed as a function of measures of schooling and a set of other variables deemed to be important for economic growth. Socioeconomic effect of primary education in Bangladesh Primary Education is one of the key elements of human asset. it is one of the principal sources of increased economic growth and enhanced welfare of an individual and a household in the process of economic transformation.Effective uses of land increased labour productivity, physical assets, and improved socio-economic empowerment are the routes through which education can contribute to economic development. Primary education does have a major effect on fertility. The primary education of women stands out as a significant factor in determining fertility. Education as a causal factor of fertility Among the various socioeconomic determinants of fertility, primary education, especially female education has received significant attention from research. Female education and supply of children Education leads to intrust for better qualified children.Level of education of children tends to have a direct relationship with mothers schooling Education affects the supply of children through many overruling variables. These are days at Marriage Womens education and age at marriage relationship has been found in almost all fertility studies. Cleland and jejeebhoy show that in almost every country in South Asia, women with education get married roughly two to five years later than uneducated women sought after family size Educated women become less fatalistic regarding their family size. Normally uneducated women believe that fertility testament be determined by God.In most research studies have been found that desired family size becomes smaller with the increase in womens educational level. Son preference Son preference increases the family size in the long run. Chowdhury finds that in Bangladesh son preference is so strong that even education above primary level cannot stop it. People in Bang ladesh as a gender satisfied society want more sons so there is an incentive to increase fertility. They believe children are as providing representation support in old age. With increasing levels of education, women tend to rely less on their children for support in old age for economic help.Nonmarket and External Benefits of Education Benefit type Findings Child education Parental schooling affects childs schooling level and achievement. Child health Childs health is positively related to parental education Fertility Mothers education is inversely related to daughters births. Own health more education increases life expectancy Spouses health More schooling improves spouses health and lengthens life expectancy Job search efficiency More schooling reduces cost of search, increases mobility Desired family size More schooling improves contraceptive efficiency. Technological change Schooling helps research and development and diffusion. Social cohesion Schooling increases voting and reduces alienation Crime Education reduces criminal activity. Long run benefits of primary education One may, however, be interested to know about the statistical features of the primary education compute in the long run. In that case the relationship among primary education budget (PE develop), education budget (EBUD) total budget (BUD), and GDP becomes PEBUDt = ? 1 + ? 2EBUDt + ? 3BUDt + ? 4GDPt + u t = 114 lnPEBUDt = ln? 1 + ?2lnEBUDt + ? 3lnBUDt + ? 4lnGDPt + uThat is, there will be an increasing abridge of PEBUD if the absolute amounts of BUD and GDP increase and vise versa since the positive relationship between investment on primary education and poverty reduction is well recognised in Bangladesh for many years. Table I Regression results Variable Coefficient T-ratio Variable Coefficient T-ratio (Standard error) (Standard error) Constant 474. 1 0. 66 lnConstant 0. 906 0. 17 (713. 9) (5. 32) EBUD 0. 367 0. 49 lnEBUD 0. 869 0. 97 (0. 754) (0. 892) BUD 0. 028 0. 63 lnBUD 0. 154* 1. 82 (0. 045) (0.084) GDP 0. 004 0. 22 lnGDP 0. 176 0. 173 (0. 019) (1. 01) R2 = 0. 739, Adjusted R2 = 0. 66, F = 9. 43, Durbin-Watson d = 1. 94 R2 = 0. 898, Adjusted R2 = 0. 867, F = 29. 26, Durbin-Watson d = 1. 86 Note * indicates that the estimated coefficient is significant at 10 per cent level Based on data from 1990/91 to 2003/04 the estimated regression results have been shown in Table I. It reveals the fact that on average Tk one crore increase in education and total budgets on average led to net increase in primary education budget about Tk 37 and 3 lac respectively.On the other hand, as opposite to our expectation, Tk one crore increase in GDP is associated with on average Tk 40 thousand decrease in primary education budget keeping other regressors constant. That is, there is no guarantee that an increase in GDP will result in increased level of expenditure on primary education. Loglinear regression provides alm ost similar results. However, GDP elasticity of primary education budget is much less than one. Durbin Watson d values indicate the absence of autocorrelation in both the regressions. We can also explain the long run effect using the Solow growth model.Suppose there is only physical capital (K1) present in the economy. We can define the production function as pic If we divide the both sides of the production function by L, we will get the output per worker as follows Now, in the presence of human capital (primary education) we can define the production function as follows pic, Where pic If we divide the both sides of the production function by L, we will get the output per worker as follows Now, consider the following graph. It shows that in the presence of only physical capital the economy reaches at a steady state where per capita capital is picand per capita output ispic.However, in the presence of human capital (primary education) both the production swerve and break even inves tment curve shifts upwards. As a result, we will get a new stable steady state point where both per capita capital and per capital output will increase to pic andpic. In other words, we can say in the long run the social welfare of Bangladesh will increase in the presence of compulsory primary education. pic Government programmes in primary education The government of Bangladesh has been regularly implementing a few development projects over the years to develop the state of primary education.The names of the projects have been mentioned in various Annual Development Programme (ADP) inventorys. For example, some of the important projects (being) implemented during fiscal year 2000/01 to 2004/05 are Food for Education, Sub-stipend for Primary Education, Non formal Education, Primary Education Project, Registered Non-Govt Primary School Development Project, Reconstruction and Development of Govt Primary Schools, Primary Education Development through Intensive District Approach, and P rimary Education Development Programme.Many of these programmes are important for improving the state of primary education in Bangladesh, no doubt. But when the quality comes as the most important concern, there must be some thrust programmes for improving quality. The National Strategy for accelerate Poverty Reduction, popularly known as Preleminary Draft PRSP has considered quality as an important ingredient in future government budgetary intervention so as to relate it with greater impact on poverty reduction.Outlined in the Policy Matrix 13, the strategic goals regarding primary education in this document are a) Introduce a unified and common primary education opportunity for all children. b) Increase access to primary education c) Improve quality of education at primary level d) Ensure equality and equity in education at the primary level e) Improve quality of madrasha education at the primary level However, education is not an opportunity, it is a fundamental right ratified by the Constitution of Bangladesh. Accessibility has two dimensions physical and economic.In terms of enhancing physical accessibility the current government development programmes have their own merits, but regarding economic accessibility there is only one programme (Sub-stipend for Education) that directly transfers resource to the poor parents to make their children interested to be enrolled and complete Grade V. The earlier version of the programme, Food for Education was pro-poor (Osmani et al, 2003), and the current programme has also been identified as pro-poor (Rahman and Ali, 2003). But the other programmes are mostly related to school infrastructure and construction works.PRSP document forecasted that PEDP-II would improve quality of education for three-quarters of primary school students subject to its effective implementation. Nevertheless, PEDE-II is a quite ambitious project, and its effective implementation needs major reform in primary education sub-sector. absence se izure of regular training of the primary school tutors2 amid their low quality, high pupil-tutor ratio, poor physical facilities, inadequate female tutors, oldfashioned tutors training, excessive burden of administrative and other works, low salary package, etc.are the serious problems, which has not been adequately addressed by the contemporary budgets and PRSP. Policy Implications Primary education is sometimes even more important than higher education in terms of its impact on poverty alleviation. The problems of primary education in Bangladesh are, inter alia, poor educational background of the tutors, inadequacy of female tutors, very high pupil-tutor ratio, poor physical facilities, old-fashioned tutors training, excessive burden of administrative and other works, and low salary package.Primary education budget in Bangladesh has been meager over the years with respect to its requirement particularly in improving quality of education. The Annual Development Programmes directed to primary education sub-sector are quite inadequate to bring about desirable social returns. plowshare of primary education in GDP has also been very low, around one per cent, over the past fifteen years. The South Asian scenario is almost similar compared to Bangladesh. Long-run relationship between GDP and primary education budget is negative for Bangladesh.All these have negative implications to common goal of quality primary education in Bangladesh as well as in South Asia. Despite all these budgetary constraints Bangladesh and other South Asian countries have been doing vary well in terms of attainments in primary education. minded(p) this reality there are some budgetary imperatives in order to achieve desirable social impact of primary education in Bangladesh Share of primary education both in budget and GDP needs to be increased consistently. There should be a positive relationship between increase in GDP and primary education budget in the long run. Primary education re venue budget should be substantially increased in order to attract quality tutors in this profession by handsome salary subvention package. The primary focus of development budget should be enhancing quality of primary education. Regular and modern training programmes should be designed and implemented in order to bring about motivation and dynamicity among the tutors. Pupil-tutor ratio should be substantially reduced to at least 201 that is, the number of tutors will have to increase three-fold. This will require substantial budgetary intervention. adapted administrative personnel should be recruited in the primary schools so that they can extend services in different school related programmes, administrative activities, surveys, immunization programmes and other works. This will help reduce tutors burden of other works substantially, and they will be able to concentrate on the classrooms and students. Primary education sub-sector needs long-term reform programmes in order to r each its standard at a level so that it can effectively create knowledge workers for the 21st century. ConclusionIn summary, education is a human right, and such, should receive priority in allocation of natural resources. It is very short-sighted to keep education bound and gagged to the role of manufacturing skilled manpower or to judge ones success by the number of either children or adults who have efficiently undertaken a learning package (Hallak, 1990). Education was previously seen as fundamental, not only to economic development, but also to the social or political development.

Fundraising Project Essay

Initially, I would like to talk a little about my role in the fundraising project and then mention about how OB concepts played a role in the completion. My role in the project was Purchasing and Procurement officeholder and as the name suggests, this was a very demanding job and highly respected by all my peers. This position was very significant for me that, I cannot emphasize rich how much it is going to help me in my field of studies and possibly my career. Being part of the Basketball Shootout, my biggest challenge was to get desirable gifts for the participants and making original it did not cross the projected budget.In order for me to do the job very efficiently, I had to use my networking skills and track down the right people to suffer me with the goods. Through out the development of the process, I came across many vendors and small business owners. However, time and cost were major limitations and provided less room for negotiation. Another enkindle part of the journ ey was to meet people, especially salespersons and their interest to know about the events importance. For this, I in any case had to touch and feel certain areas of marketing where I had no experience before.In spite of the ordeal, I would say my role was a great success and it brought great attention and respect among my peers. In any case, however, I must say that gathering projects like these are not piece of cakes. The majority of my time was invested to solve group conflicts and also into group decision making. I think majority of us including me were very results oriented and few of us were goal oriented. Under stiff academic pressure and also the option of another project that I could have done (Managerial Interview) which was perceived to be less painstaking made it worse.From the organizational behavior point of view, I knew that things like these are inevitable in decision-making and a lot of this was focused on constructive criticism and as a functional conflict. In f act, this conduct our group to follow a path that believed in thoroughgoing(a)ion and consideration of every valuable input. Another interesting concept that I came across was that, I personally witnessed myself competing and avoiding to be less cooperative at times and was immediately pulled backrest to see this.However, I also believe that I brought a burnish into the group, which fulfilled the role of a negotiator in order to avoid conflict and save time on decision making. This was to me a breakthrough in my learning experience only because I did not know I had them(skills). I understood the fact that many tradeoffs are made in a project, and a mediator was always in favor of the group. My intuition that our group had an integrative characteristic to its negotiation policies proved right.A lot of this was to make apiece other happy at the moment and also the fact that we were peers hoping to maintain long term relationship was also a reason. However, it was not possible for me to pull in a win win situation all the time. I believe that my reasoning and persuasion skills helped to some extent to avoid conflict. This was also a perfect opportunity for me to put a number of other alternatives on the table for discussion and thus exploring my creative side. Overall, I must say that looking back at our achievements, I think it was worth the time and effort and was not bad at all.